Exposure to high temperature influences the behaviour, physiology, and survival of sockeye salmon during spawning migration

نویسنده

  • G. T. Crossin
چکیده

Since 1996, some populations of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) have begun spawning migrations weeks earlier than normal, and most perish en route as a result. We suspect that a high midsummer river temperature is the principal cause of mortality. We intercepted 100 sockeye during normal migration near a spawning stream and measured somatic energy and aspects of plasma biochemistry. Fish were then held at either 10 or 18 8C for 24 days. Before release, fish were biopsied again and implanted with acoustic transmitters. A group of biopsied but untreated control salmon were released at the same time. Sixty-two percent (8 of 13) of control salmon and 68% (21 of 31) of 10 8C salmon reached spawning areas. The 18 8C-treated fish were half as successful (35%; 6 of 17). During the holding period, mortality was 2 times higher and levels of Parvicapsula minibicornis (Kent, Whitaker and Dawe, 1997) infection were higher in the 18 8C-treated group than in the 10 8C-treated group. The only physiological difference between treatments was a change in gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. This drop correlated negatively with travel times for the 18 8C-treated males. Reproductive-hormone levels and stress measures did not differ between treatments but showed significant correlations with individual travel times. Résumé : Depuis 1996, quelques populations de saumons rouges (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) du Fraser commencent leur migration de fraie quelques semaines avant la période normale et, en conséquence, la plupart des poissons périssent en route. Nous soupçonnons que c’est principalement la forte température de la rivière en mi-été qui cause cette mortalité. Nous avons intercepté 100 saumons rouges durant leur période normale de migration près d’un cours d’eau de fraie et nous avons mesuré leur énergie somatique et quelques aspects de la biochimie de leur plasma. Les poissons ont ensuite été retenus pendant 24 jours à 10 ou à 18 8C. Avant leur libération, nous avons fait une nouvelle biopsie et leur avons implanté un transmetteur acoustique. Un groupe de poissons ayant subi une biopsie, mais non le traitement, ont été libérés en même temps. Soixante-deux pour cent (8 sur 13) des saumons témoins et 68 % (21 sur 31) des poissons gardés à 10 8C ont atteint les zones de fraie. Les poissons traités à 18 8C n’ont eu que la moitié de ce succès (35 %; 6 sur 17). Durant la période de rétention, les poissons gardés à 18 8C ont connu une mortalité deux fois plus élevée et leur niveau d’infection à Parvicapsula minibicornis (Kent, Whitaker et Dawe, 1997) était plus important que celui du groupe traité à 10 8C. La seule différence physiologique chez les deux groupes de poissons traités concerne un changement de l’activité de la Na+,K+-ATPase des branchies. Cette chute est en corrélation négative avec les durées des déplacements chez les mâles gardés à 18 8C. Il n’y a pas de différence dans les hormones reproductives et les mesures du stress entre les groupes de poissons traités, mais ces variables sont en corrélation significative avec les durées des déplacements individuels. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Received 15 May 2007. Accepted 18 October 2007. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at cjz.nrc.ca on 18 February 2008. G.T. Crossin,1 S.J. Cooke,2 A.G. Lotto, and M.T. Mathes. Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. S.G. Hinch. Centre for Applied Conservation Research and Department of Forest Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. D.W. Welch. Kintama Research Corporation, 10-1850 Northfield Road, Nanaimo, BC V9S 3B3, Canada. D.A. Patterson. Cooperative Resource Management Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. S.R.M. Jones. Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. R.A. Leggatt and A.P. Farrell. Faculty of Land and Food Systems and Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. J.M. Shrimpton. Department of Biology, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. G. Van Der Kraak. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). 2Present address: Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. 127 Can. J. Zool. 86: 127–140 (2008) doi:10.1139/Z07-122 # 2008 NRC Canada

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تاریخ انتشار 2008